A card is legal for Standard if it is printed in (or reprinted in) a set that is in the current Standard format.
Evolutions is not yet legal in Standard because it's within three Fridays of its release date. After that, the set becomes legal for use in competitive play and you can use any card in that set, including Surfing Pikachu.
Surfing Pikachu cannot evolve into Raichu because Raichu evolves from Pikachu. In Surfing Pikachu's case, the "Surfing" is considered part of the name and this makes it different from "Pikachu".
You'll want to look at what the evolution "evolves from" when determining if it is a proper evolution chain. The names have to match in order for it to be legal.