MeadowBubble, transmutation is when one atom of an element (or an isotope) changes into another via nuclear reaction. That's usually done by gain or loss of the various particles.
An alpha particle is a helium atom, [4 2]He. (The top number is the mass number; the bottom is the number of protons.)
A beta particle is an element of nuclear decay and it's usually an electron, written as [0 -1]e.
A gamma particle is also called a gamma ray and it's basically just a high energy photon. It's written as [0 0]y...or to be more accurate, the lowercase Greek letter gamma. (It just looks like a y.)
Neutrons are written as [1 0]n. Protons don't usually exist by themselves, so I don't know what they're written as.
In nuclear reactions, they're balanced similarly to chemical reactions, except this time, you need to make sure the sums of the top and the bottom numbers on each side are equal to that on the other side. This is somewhat simple but it gets tricky when gamma emission is involved since those have zero mass and zero charge, but the book will usually hint that it's a gamma-emission reaction.