The Pokémon franchise is actually relatively unique in its corporate structure, evident because of the fact that it produces an entire array of merchandise in addition to the games themselves. Nintendo though, doesn't make, design, or have anything to do with the development process of the games, rather they're used as a figurehead when people refer to the people behind Pokémon because of immense size and corporate scope they have in comparison to the actual, smaller developers. The entities behind Pokémon and how it gets from the concept pages to the player can be divided into three general categories/companies that all play a different role in how Pokémon is presented:
- Developers
- The Pokémon Company (TCPi outside of Asia)
- Nintendo
The developers of course, are the
real people who make the games, the creative minds that have designed and refined the Pokémon world as we've known it on the screen for a decade-and-a-half now. When considering Pokémon developers, Game Freak is usually the team that comes to mind for their work on the main series of games and for creating the actual Pokémon designs, items, characters, etc. that are replicated many times throughout the franchise (in the TCG, spin-offs, anime, etc.), and as such Game Freak is the true "creator" of Pokémon, where Game Freak and Pokémon founder Satoshi Tajiri (aided in part by Shigeru Miyamoto) laid down the ground work for the main games, work that has been refined and constantly developed, redeveloped, and reinventing itself over the years, now with Tajiri's "successors" Masuda and Sugimori (who also had hands in the beginnings of Pokémon) taking over the reigns of the development process and in that sense directing the future of Pokémon itself, because the entire franchise is based around creative material derived from the main games, the original, "official" source of Pokémon content.
Of course Game Freak is not the only developer of Pokémon games, and other developers who have managed to obtain licensing to the franchise have contributed to the large library of Pokémon spin-off titles (making Pokémon games is considered to many of these developers a uniquely valuable asset because of the Pokémon franchise's popularity, large presence in contemporary culture, and to this end, especially profitability). Many of the creative minds behind Pokémon's history of spin-offs include developers such as Jupiter (Game Boy Camera/Pokémon Pinball/Pokémon Mini), HAL Laboratory (Pokémon Snap/Pokémon Stadium Series/Pokémon Ranger Series), Ambrella (Hey You, Pikachu!/Pokémon Channel/Pokémon Dash/My Pokémon Ranch/Pokémon Rumble), and Genius Sonority (Colloseum/XD/PBR/Battle and Get! Pokémon Typing DS), among others.
What's interesting to note though, is that while people generally consider Pokémon one of Nintendo's core first party franchises, all of these separate developers contributing to Pokémon make the franchise effectively a "pseudo-second/third party," unlike Nintendo's first party franchises like Mario and Zelda, whose games are developed in-house by Nintendo's own labs, specifically their
EAD (coincidently these particular franchises are the brainchildren of the aforementioned Miyamoto, and being a main Nintendo executive, it makes sense the franchises he initially created continue to stick with Nintendo itself). In fact, for an example as a bit of gaming history, Game Freak, during its pre-Pokémon beginnings, also developed games for non-Nintendo platforms like the Playstation, Sega Mega-Drive, and even the PC, so in this respect they're distanced quite a long length from Nintendo in terms of "who makes Pokémon," as much as the two companies are tied together today solely because of Pokémon (had Pokémon not blown up in the '90's, things would probably have been different).
But developers are not the only story in the process of Pokémon, and next in its journey from concepts to the player is the Pokémon Company, that operates throughout the world under different entities/names (though Europe, and North America have been merged under the outside-of-Asia, "international" TCPi recently, though Australian Pokémon is still managed by an independent group). Now of course a common misconception is that, hey, if they're the Pokémon
Company, they must make Pokémon games, right? But alas, this is not the case. Rather, The Pokémon Company is a marketing firm that takes care of only Pokémon due to the immense size of the franchise itself. They don't make the games, they sell them. Selling them of course does not include just putting the games on store shelves, but also involves keeping the games profitable and successful for their entire lifespan, which is usually for either the time until the next game or pair of games is released, or until the franchise makes a generational transition, like what is occurring with Black and White now. To continute the success of Pokémon games after their release, and to promote other attribues of the company (for example Pokémon movies), the Pokémon Company will often hold events like Pokémon distributions or tournaments to spark active, continued interest in the games. Though not pertaining to the topic, the Pokémon Company also manages the marketing of all other facets of the franchise, TV, TCG, etc., thus this is where they get the image of being the "all-Pokémon" company. Unfortunately, and what irks me a bit, is that because the Pokémon Company is solely a marketing firm, it's concerned almost entirely about money, which casts a bad reputation on the franchise as a whole. Because of the Pokémon Company and its objectives, many will consider the franchise "milked" when the company puts out material at a rapid pace, like the yearly basis on which the main games are released currently, and that the sole, negative intention behind the games is profit, which IS NOT a reflection on the intentions of the developers like Game Freak, who of course have the positive intentions as artists, trying to make a solid, tasteful, well-crafted game and a memorable experience that anyone can enjoy, something I think Pokémon developers can do exceptionally well due to the vast resources you have when working with the Pokémon franchise, as well as the comfort to know that Pokémon's nearly market success makes money irrelevant, as huge profit is a given, allowing them instead to focus entirely on development and designing, hopefully, an incredible game.
So then where does Nintendo fall in terms of the production of Pokémon? Though I previously explained The Pokémon Company as a marketing firm, politically they are also a subsidiary, or an affiliate of Nintendo, the larger organization The Pokémon Company will often report to. Nintendo then, does not make the games or sell them, rather it
publishes them, making official their introduction to the public and thus allow for the games to eventually be sold ubiquitously. Think of them as the executive power that grants permission for The Pokémon Company to put out a game made by the respective developer, they don't have as much of an impact on the actual production process than the other entities, and are involved more with legal and political processes.
So, it is actually the developers that design the Pokémon, names, etc., and Nintendo who is the authoritative figure allowing for the official introduction of a Pokémon game to the world at large.